Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

The Attitude, Use and Adverse Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies among Vulnerable, Community Dwelling Old Adults: Young Im Park, Mi Sook Song, Ok Hee Ahn, Soon Ok Yang, In Sook Lee, Hye Sun Hyun; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2014;25(1):1-11. Published online March 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.1

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to obtain information of use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and any reported adverse effects of them on vulnerable elders in a community.
METHODS
1,837 elderly subjects aged 65 or higher with health problems were selected from those who were enrolled in a public health care center and received visiting health management services. A proportional stratified sampling method was used. Data collection was completed by face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and chi2-test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The prevalence of CAM use last year was 57.5%, and 10.4% of the subjects reported adverse effects of the therapies. The mean score of the subjects' attitudes towards CAM was 4.1+/-3.44 (range 1~10). The major sources of advice and exposure to CAM therapies were most likely to be from family and friends (72.5%). The primary reason for choosing CAM was to manage symptoms and relieve pain (86.6%).
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest the need to develop nursing strategies for reducing and preventing adverse effects of CAM use by promoting awareness of using safe and appropriate CAM therapies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Effect of Hand Press Pellet Therapy on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, and Depression in Elderly Women with Knee Osteoarthritis
Hyojung Park, Hyeri Yang
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2020; 23(1): 27. CrossRef
Illness uncertainty and complementary and alternative medicine use in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Hae Ok Jeon, Bo Hye Kim, Oksoo Kim
Nursing & Health Sciences.2019; 21(3): 375. CrossRef
The Perception and Utilization patterns of Complementary and Alternative Medicines in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Kyoung Ran Kong, Eun Nam Lee, Won Tae Jeong
Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(3): 187. CrossRef
Health Status and the Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in the Community Dwelling Pre-elderly and Elderly
Myung-Sill Chung, Kyung-Choon Lim
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2015; 18(1): 46. CrossRef

The Factors Affecting Cultural Competency of Visiting Nurses and Community Health Practitioners: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(3):286-295. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.0000/jkachn.2012.23.3.286

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural competency of visiting nurses and community health practitioners and explore factors that are related with their cultural competency.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 113 visiting nurses and 103 community health practitioners working in Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on May 24, 2011. The SPSS/WIN 17.0 program was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The average score for cultural competency of visiting nurses was 2.76+/-0.60 and that of community health practitioners 2.91+/-0.51. Most of subjects received no multicultural education (78.0% for nurses, 85.7% for community health nurses). Factors influencing cultural competency were number of service experience for multicultural clients and participation of multicultural education.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop systematic educational programs to enhance the cultural competency of nurses.

A Survey on the Use of Visiting Nurses in Child Day Care Centers: Soon Ok Yang, Shin Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Sung Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(2):87-99. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.2.87

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to contribute children's health care and health promotion by surveying the use of visiting nurses in child day care centers.
METHODS
This study is a descriptive study, and the study period covers July to September, 2010. The research subjects were 27 public health center managers, 166 visiting nurses and 137 child care teachers.
RESULTS
Teachers' need of visiting health care services and visiting nurses' work performance of were statistically significantly different. The teachers' need of visiting health care was higher in all areas (health examination, health life practice, infectious disease control, safety accidents and disaster management, emergency measures and linkage, nutrition, parent education) but the visiting nurses had a low level of work performance.
CONCLUSION
Child care teachers are not health professionals for child health care, and therefore they are in need of professional help. Thus, for the current public health centers in need of customized visit health care, new visiting nurses in charge of professional child health care need to be developed. Also, new models need to be developed for visiting nurses and child care teachers through the connection of community child health care.

The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong Jun Choi, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(2):151-161. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.2.151

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a case management program on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy in community-dwelling older women with knee arthritis.
METHODS
The research design was one-group pre and post-test design with 40 participants with knee arthritis who agreed to participate in the 12-week case management program. Data were collected four times, before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks.
RESULTS
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between before and after the service in range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. Significant improvements from the baseline to 4 weeks after the service were observed in the measurements of range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. There were no significant differences in range of motion, pain and depression between 4 and 12 weeks after the services.
CONCLUSION
This study represents the first effort showing that a case management program can have positive outcomes on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy for older women with knee arthritis. More research using a control group pre-post test design considering time lapse is needed in order to examine more accurately the effects of case management programs for knee arthritis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effects of a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for frail older adults living alone in a community: a quasi-experimental study
Mi Sook Song, Sunjoo Boo
BMC Nursing.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-term Monitoring of Changes in Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Total Cholesterol Levels among Frail Older Individuals Receiving Home Health Care Nursing in South Korea
Young-Ran Chin, Hyo Young Lee
Journal of Community Health Nursing.2021; 38(1): 13. CrossRef
Benefit analysis of visiting healthcare in public health centers
Sukja Ko, Young-Ho Jung, Jae Yong Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(5): 69. CrossRef
The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep in Community-dwelling Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Kwang Soo Yoo, Se Hwa Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 207. CrossRef
Symptoms, aging-stereotyped beliefs, and health-promoting behaviors of older women with and without osteoarthritis
Hyun-E Yeom
Geriatric Nursing.2013; 34(4): 307. CrossRef
Effects of Tailored Case Management using a Gatekeeper for the Depressed Single-household Elderly Population -Focusing on the Mental Health Case Management-
Yun-Jung Choi, Mi-Ra Won
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(4): 376. CrossRef
The Effects of Case Management for Clients with Clonorchiasis in Riverside Areas
Chunmi Kim, Hee-Gerl Kim, Kyung-Ja June, Souk-Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(4): 427. CrossRef

A Survey on the Customized Visiting Nurse's Assessment and Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Older Adults: Soon Ok Yang, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(3):311-320. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.3.311

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the status of visiting nurse's assessment and management of chronic musculoskeletal pain in older adults.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 285 visiting nurses working at 24 public health centers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from June to July, 2008. The SPSS/WIN 13.0 program was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Of the visiting nurses, 195 (77.4%) reported lack of pain education for nurses. The education of exercise (83.3%) was used most frequently by nurses as a pain intervention. Barriers to effective pain management were inadequate pain management guidelines and lack of pain education for nurses.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop evidence-based nursing interventions for pain management and to develop systematic educational programs for visiting nurses management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effects of Auricular Acupressure on the Knee Pain, Joint Angle and Sleep among Elderly Workers with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Quasi-experimental Study
Hyojung Park, Yunmi Lim
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2022; 25(1): 1. CrossRef
Barriers to chronic pain management in community-dwelling low-income older adults: Home-visiting nurses’ perspectives
Hyung-Ran Park, Eunyoung Park, Jee-Won Park
Collegian.2016; 23(3): 257. CrossRef
The Effect of Laughter Therapy on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep of Elderly Housebound Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Sook Hi Jang, You Young Cho
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(2): 123. CrossRef
Pain Management Survey of Psychiatric Unit Nurses
Hey In Park, Kyunghee Lee
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2014; 16(2): 150. CrossRef
The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep in Community-dwelling Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Kwang Soo Yoo, Se Hwa Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 207. CrossRef
Importance and Performances of Visiting Nurse Services Provided under the Long Term Care Insurance System for the Elderly
Do Hwa Byeon, Hye Jin Hyun
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 332. CrossRef
The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis
Soon-Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong-Jun Choi, Seung-Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 151. CrossRef

The Effects of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Depression on Health-related Quality of Life by Gender in Community-dwelling Older Adults: Seung Hee Lee, Soon Ok Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(1):21-30. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.1.21

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic musculoskeletal pain and depression on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) according to gender in community-dwelling older adults.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 209 elderly individuals who were receiving visiting nursing services from a public health center located in Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from March to April, 2008. SPSS/WIN 13.0 was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Depression and HRQoL showed a significant difference between male and female subjects. There was a negative correlation between chronic musculoskeletal pain, depression, and HRQoL. In the male elderly, depression was the most significant predictor of HRQoL, while in the female elderly, chronic musculoskeletal pain was the most significant predictor of HRQoL.
CONCLUSION
The study showed that chronic musculoskeletal pain was the variable with the highest explanatory power for HRQoL in the female elderly. Therefore, chronic musculoskeletal pain needs to be assessed and managed first in nursing interventions to improve HRQoL of the female elderly.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Effect of Interaction between Obesity and Grip Strength on Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018)
Seungjae Hyun, Darae Woo, Sangshin Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 28. CrossRef
Sex-Based Differences in the Quality of Life of Elderly Koreans With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Hyesun Jeong, Yoonju Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(3): 743. CrossRef
Physical and Psychosocial Factors in the Prevention of Chronic Pain in Older Age
Daisy Fancourt, Andrew Steptoe
The Journal of Pain.2018; 19(12): 1385. CrossRef
Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of a daily dose of 5 mg of tadalafil, over an 8-week period, for improving quality of life among Korean men with andropause symptoms, including erectile dysfunction
Joong Gyo Lee, Byung Duk Kim, Chang Hee Han, Kang Kon Lee, Keun Sang Yum
Medicine.2018; 97(51): e13827. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Health-related Quality of Life of Young Adults and Elderly with Multimorbiditiy: A Secondary Analysis of the 2013 Korea Health Panel Data
Seunyoung Joe, Insook Lee, Bohyun Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 358. CrossRef
Comprehensive Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Elders Utilizing Senior Welfare Centers
Eun-Kyung Kim, Youn Gyeong Shin, Eun Jeong Jo, Da Seul Moon, Kyeong Min Park, Eung Kyung Kim, Su Jung Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Han Sol Ko
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2015; 12(1): 50. CrossRef
Health related Lifestyles, Self-efficacy and Health related Quality of Life by the Types of Hypertension Management in Community Health Posts
Myung Soon Kwon, Soon-Ok Yang, Ji-Hye Jang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(3): 565. CrossRef
Relationship Between Low Back Pain and Depression Among Some Elderly
Seong-Woo Yun, Kyeong-Ae Oh
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(3): 1599. CrossRef
The Effects of perceived health status, sleep, depression and pain on quality of life by Gender in Community-dwelling Older Adults
Koung-Oh Chang, Su-Jin Park, Du-Yi Bae
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(3): 1566. CrossRef
Gender Difference in Influencing Factors on Health related Quality of Life among the Elderly in Community
Seung-Hee Lee
The Journal of Digital Policy and Management.2013; 11(12): 523. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Quality of Life in Low- Income Elders Living at Home: A Literature Review
Chung-Min Cho
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(2): 372. CrossRef
Prevalence and Its Influencing Factors on Depression among Elderly Vulnerable People in Urban Community
Hye-Ryoung Kim
The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2013; 7(3): 275. CrossRef
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Older Koreans: Comparison of Young-old and Old-old
Kyung-Choon Lim, Seonho Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2012; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
Relationship between Low Back Pain and Health-Related Quality of Life among Some Elderly
Kyeong-Ae Oh, Jong Park, Dae-Jung Jeon, Mi-Ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2012; 37(3): 156. CrossRef
The Relationship of Functional Health Status, Satisfaction of Customized Home Visiting Health Service, and Quality of Life in Vulnerable Elderly
Yeong-Sook Park, Haw-Yean Lee, Yun-Hee Kwon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(11): 5071. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly Customized Home Visiting Health Services
Yunhee Kwon, Chungnam Kim, Oh-Gye Kwag
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(3): 262. CrossRef
The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis
Soon-Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong-Jun Choi, Seung-Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 151. CrossRef

A Study on the Awareness of Importance, Performance Level, and Perceived Competence Level of School Health Promotion Programs: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Geum Hee Jeong, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(1):96-104. Published online March 31, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental materials for improving school health promotion programs by investigating school nurses' awareness of the importance, performance level, and perceived competence level of school health promotion programs in Gangwon-do.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 173 school nurses who were working in Gangwon-do. The instrument for this study was a scale for awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level. Data were collected on December 15, 2007 and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows.
RESULTS
The mean score of awareness of importance was 3.51 (range: 1~4). The mean score of performance level and the mean score of perceived competence level were 3.35 (range: 1~4) and 3.29 (range: 1~4), respectively. The younger school nurses were (F=4.380, p=.014), the higher their awareness of importance was. The performance level was lowest in high school nurses (F=5.013, p=.008). There were significant correlations between awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level in school nurses.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the effectiveness of school health promotion programs, training and education programs for school nurses' competencies and technical support systems for school nurses should be provided.

The Effects of Customized Home Visiting Health Service in Gangwon-do: Focused on Hypertension and DM Clients: Soon Ok Yang, Soo Yeon Ahn, Eun Shil Yim, Myung Soon Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(1):88-100. Published online March 31, 2008

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to present the effects of home visiting health service on hypertension and DM clients.
METHOD
The one-group pretest-posttest design was applied to 127 hypertension and 116 DM clients. To evaluate the effects of visiting nursing service, biological indexes and self-care abilities were measured from April to July, 2007.
RESULT
Biological indexes and self-care abilities were improved in the hypertension and DM clients who received visiting nursing service. Especially, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar showed a dramatic decrease.
CONCLUSION
Home visiting health service by public health centers is considered to be an effective nursing service in Gangwon-do. Therefore, case management is demanded not only for hypertension and DM but also for other chronic diseases.

The Effect of a Physical Exercise Program Using Elastic Bands in the Attitude of Physical Exercise and the Degree of Joint Pain: Shin Jeong Kim, Geum Hee Jeong, Soon Ok Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(1):79-89. Published online March 31, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a physical exercise program using elastic bands in rural area women.
METHOD
This study adopted a pre-post test design. The subjects were 89 rural area women who were selected from four community health care centers. The physical exercise program was executed 30 times for 10 weeks (3 times a week) from August 23 to October 31, 2003.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in the attitude of physical exercise (t=-5.517, p=.000). In the degree of joint pain, there were significant differences in the flextion and extension of the shoulder joint (t=2.557, p=.020; t=5.625, p=.000), and there was a significant difference in the flextion of the knee joint (t=4.747, 0=.000) but there was no significant difference in the extension of the knee joint (t=1.795, p=.083).
CONCLUSION
Physical exercise programs need to be implemented and spread continuously.

Development of School Health Nursing Phenomena in Korea by Retrospective Method of ICNP: Young Im Kim, Soon Ok Yang, Myoung Ja Wang, Chung Nam Kim, Hyeon Suk Kim, Tae Nam Park, Mi Ja Chung, Hye Jin Hyun; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(4):595-607. Published online December 31, 2002

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Abstract PDF: The objectives of this study were to identify the phenomena of school health nursing at schools in Korea and to contribute to building a school health domain of international Classification for Nursing Practice. A retrospective method was used in this study to develop ICNP during the period from July to October 2001. The procedure of the study involved choosing nursing phenomena using preliminary terms from the reports on the field of school health nursing practice documented by nursing students in 10 different nursing colleages. The detail procedures of the study were as follows. 1) Choosing nursing phenomena by using preliminary terms 2) Choosing the characteristics of school health nursing practice from the selected nursing phenomena 3) In order to make a consensus regarding the appropriate characteristics of phenomena 15 study group members re-categorized the nursing phenomena through 5 times of cyber meetings and 3 times of formal meetings. 4) To verify each characteristic 5 community nursing faculties and 25 school health nurses participated in procedure to give scores on nursing characteristics. 5) classification of the definite nursing phenomena and characteristics. Following the 5 step procedures school health nursing phenomena were categorized into human and environmental domains Human domains were classified into human behavioral and functional domains Environmental domains were classified into physical and psychosocial domains. The essential characteristics of each phenomena were selected when it obtains the mean score of 3.0 or over at the related characteristics The human behavioral domain consisted of 7 phenomena including risk for spinal disorder inadequate dietary habit inadequate weight control smoking and substance abuse inadequate stress management inadequate sex related coping strategies and inadequate accident management. The human functional domain consisted of 6 phenomena including inadequate eye care and visual management risk for respiratory disorder inadequate dental health care inappropriate infectious disease control risk for gastrointestinal disorder and lack of sexual identify. The physical environmental domain consisted of 6 phenomena including risk for incident at inside classroom risk for incident at outside classroom risk for incident around school risk for exposure to hazardous facilities around school inadequate garbage and disposal management and inadequate physical environment for learning. The psychosocial domain included impaired social interaction at school. Each phenomenon was composed of 2 to 8 characteristics and all phenomena will include a total number of 85 characteristics. The phenomena of school health nursing in Korea partially confirmed school health architecture of ICNP further study on verification of school health nursing phenomena in Korea needs to be done to support the finding of this study through review of literature on nursing classifications or field studies.

Validity Field Testing of Family Nursing Phenomen in Korea by the Retrospective Method of ICNP: Soon Nyung Yun, Hyun Sook Kim, Yong Suk Kwon, Kyung Min Park, Ji Hyun Lee, Young Ae Ko, Ae Young So, Soon Ok Yang, Young Im Kim, Hee Girl Kim, Jin Joo Oh, Myoung Ja Wang, Soon Lae Kim, Kyung Sook Kang, Ji Yun Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(3):423-432. Published online September 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to test the validity of characteristics of family nursing phenomena in Korea identified in a previous study by Yoon, S. Y, et al.(1999). Data for this study were collected from 355 (first measurement 186, second measurement 169) nurses whose family nursing careers were more than one year using a cross sectional survey method. The distribution per one characteristic ranged between 0 to 5. The phenomena that had two or more characteristics and had a score of 3.0 points or more included 'disturbance in marital role', 'disturbance in family communication', 'inappropriate family coping', 'lack of family intimacy', 'unhealthy life style', 'deficit of financial management skill and support', 'inadequate care management sick member', and 'inadequate home-making'. The essential characteristics of the 8 phenomena presented above included 27 items. Further studies on family nursing phenomena in Korea are needed to support the evidence through surveys of families in the field. A reconfirmation study, as well as qualitative research on the low validity of the characteristics, needs to be more performed in the future.

Knowledge and Attitude toward Smoking Behavior in Male Middle School Students: Soon Ok Yang, Shin Jeong Kim, Eun Jin Choi, Sung Sook Baek, Soon Bun Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(2):387-398. Published online June 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to provide basic data to develop a smoking prevention and non-smoking education program. Data were collected, using a questionnaire, from 438 male middle school students living in Chunchon, Kwangwon-do. The data collection period was from September 2 to 30, 2000. The questionnaire used to measure the subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking was based on the guideline for the contents of tobacco smoking surveys for the general population designed by WHO. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-Win program. The results were as follows. 1. The subjects' average score for smoking knowledge was 58.52 out of 100 points. 2. The subjects' average score for attitude toward smoking was 63.54 out of 100 points. 3. Smoking knowledge of the subjects was significantly different by their grade (F=9.187, p=.000), father's smoking behavior (t=2.261, p=.024), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=8.911, p=.000). The subjects' attitude toward smoking was significantly different by mother's smoking behavior (t=-2.557, p=.011), brother's smoking behavior (t=-3.959, p=.000), having a smoking friend or not (t=-4.422, p=.000), subjects' smoking experience (t=-8.304, p=.000), present smoking behavior (t=7.001, p=.000), quantity of smoking (F=3.297, p=.041), abstinence period of smoking (F=3.858, p=.013), thinking about smoking behavior (F=20.999, p=.000), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=20.964, p=.000), and amount of drinking (F=8.316, p=.000). 4. There was a significant correlation between subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking (r=.514, p=.000).

A Research Study on the Sexual Awareness of Teenagers, Their Parents and Teachers in an Urban Area: Mi Lim Lim, Soon Ok Yang, Kwang Ok Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2001;12(3):755-772. Published online December 31, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Sexual Knowledge and Attitude in Middle School Students: Soon Ok Yang, Seong Sil Kim, Geum Hee Jeong, Shin Jeong Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2000;11(2):591-605. Published online December 31, 2000

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Abstract PDF: With the improvement of nutritive conditions and the influence of abundant information as well as various cultural aspects imported from foreign countries, puberty develops more rapidly in the body today. This study was conducted to suggest some ideas that are useful in planning sexual education programs in middle schools with ultimate aim being to promote sexual health. The subject of this survey consisted of 534 fifth graders from 4 schools in Hongchon. The major findings are summarized as follows: 1. The degree of sexual knowledge of adolescents showed a low average 31.00 and the degree of sexual attitude showed an average of 62.0. 2. With respect to demographic characteristics, there were statistically significant differences in sexual knowledge according to the following: living with parents (t=5.913. p=.015), father's education(F=3.213, p=.041), economic status (F=5.073 p=.007); and in sexual attitudes. there were statistically significant differences according to father's education (F=3.912. p=.002), and interest in the other sex (F=3.292, p=.038). 3. The level of sexual knowledge and sexual attitude of adolescents was correlated at significant levels(r=.354. p=.000). The findings of this study indicated that a variety of systematic sexual education programs suitable for each stage of adolescence should be developed along with family, society, and the country's higher concern and enlightenment.

The Attitudes of Nursing Students Towards Poverty: Based on the Factors Causing Poverty and the Factors Caused by Poverty: Soon Ok Yang, Mi Lim Im; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(2):525-536. Published online December 31, 1999

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Abstract PDF: The result of this study may be abstracted as follows. 1) The study was done on 48.3% seniors(138), 34.3% sophomores. and 17.5% juniors mostly ranging in age from 21 to 22, the largest number of students at 38.1%(109) were Christian. followed by 31.5%(90) were Confucian. 20.6%(59) who were Catholic. and 9.1%(26)who were Buddhist. 2) Concerning the economic views. 46.8%(134) preferred Capitalism 40.9%(117) preferred a combination of Capitalism and Socialism, 8.7%(25) were for more or less Socialistic in view point, and 3.5%(10) for Socialism. 3) Among the internal factors causing poverty, 'lack of ability(knowledge)', scored the highest at 3.528, and 'beauty or appearance' scored the lowest at 1.570. Social factors scored high in 'bad economic/tax policies' at 3.374 and 'low average in wages' at 3.364. Among family matters, 'not much money at home' scored the highest at 3.273, and 'low expectation of success in poor families' scored the lowest at 2.315. On concerns of fate and destiny. 'bad luck' turned out to be the most likely cause of poverty with the score of 2.619. and 'destined poverty' was the least likely cause with the score of 1.969. 4) The high scoring economical consequences of poverty was 'not able to do as one desires' at 3.965, and 'no money to buy things wanted' at 3.804. 'Gets tired of life' (4.028) scored high in psychological consequences showing that poverty affects these matters greatly. 'Looked down on by others' (3.538) scored high in social circumstances, and 'feels like a burden to society' scored low at 2.080. Among family matters. 'hard life' scored high at 4.210, and 'low morality' scored low at 1.972. 5) Significant differences(p=.00) were found between economic views and what significance certain internal factors caused poverty these differences were also related to a reliance on religion, economic views, and economic status. Significant differences were also found between economic status and internal factors causing poverty(p=.04), economic point of view and social factors(p=.01). and economical point of view and luck related matters, (p=.01) When the consequences of poverty were considered. psychological factors such as 'hate towards oneself', 'tired of life', and 'afraid of the future' showed significant differences in relation to economic status. (p=.02) Family matters also showed significant differences in relation to economic status(p=.03), With personal characteristics and wealth causing factors, significant differences were found between a person's economic point of view and ecinomic status when considering and internal or social factors.

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